Salimbene de Adam (Salimbene da Parma/Ognibene de Adam, 1221-1288)

Salimbene de Adam (Salimbene da Parma/Ognibene de Adam, 1221-1288) OM. Italian friar from Parma. Born in Parma on 9 October 1221 as the son of Guido de Adam and Inmelda de Cassia, members of the aspiring higher middle class. Most biographical information on Salimbene and his family ties in Parma can be derived from his surviving Cronica (explored in detail in studies by O. Holder-Egger (1912), B. Schmeidler (in his introduction to Holder-Egger’s edition of Salimbene’s chronicle), F. Bernini (1935 & 1938), G. Severino (1988), G. Petti Baldi (1991), O. Guyotjeannin (1988 & 1995), L. Gatto (1996)). It shows that Salimbene’s baptismal name was Ognibene, and that he had several sisters and an older half brother Guido. From early on, he received a proper training in Latin grammar. The Alleluia movement of 1233 made a big impression on him as a young adolescent, not in the least the example of some Franciscan preachers active in it (such as Gerard of Modena). He also was influenced by the example of his older half brother Guido de Adam, who was by then already a Friar Minor. Ognibene was received in the order By Gerard of Cremona on 4 February 1238 in the Parma friary. Around this time, it was decided for him that his name in the order should be Salimbene. At the moment of his reception, he was presented to the Franciscan minister general Elias. Salimbene’s decision was contested by his father, who wished him to continue the family line. His father even tried to obtain intervention from contacts in the court of Emperor Frederick II, yet to no avail. Salimbene fulfilled his noviciate in the Fano friary, where he already received instruction in biblical theology (counter to later practice in the order, when the noviciate was reserved totally for basic religious instruction in the Franciscan way of life). His teacher was the theologian Umile da Milano, a pupil of Haymo of Faversham. After he completed his novitiate, Salimbene was sent to the Lucca friary in the Tuscany province, after a short stay in Iesi from Lent 1239 onwards, to escape from his father who still tried to get him out of the order. Salimbene stayed for two years in Lucca and subsequently stayed in the friaries of Siena (1441-1243) and Pisa (1243-1247). In this period, Salimbene continued his studies of biblical theology as well as musical studies. In Lucca he became acquainted with the cantor Vita, and in Siena he studied music and singing under the cantor Enrico da Pisa. In the Siena friary, where Salimbene became a sub-deacon, he also encountered for the first time friar Hugh of Digne, who gave a lecture/sermon there. In the Pisa friary, Salimbene became deacon and was further influenced by the logician and theologian (with Joachite tendencies) Rodolfo of Saxony. After a short stay in 1247 in Cremona and Parma, then under siege by imperial armies, Salimbene was sent to France, in all probability to escape warfare and to continue his education at the order’s study house in Paris. Salimbene took the opportunity to set out for an itinerary that brough him via Lyon (where he met pope Innocent IV), Villefranche, Troyes, Provins (where he encountered Gerardo da Borgo San Donnino), Paris (where Salimbene did not linger to study!), Sens (where he encountered Giovanni da Pian del Carpine, just back from his travels to China, and witnessed the French King Louis IX who attended the Franciscan provincial chapter at Sens), Auxerre and the surrounding region, again Sens and Auxerre, Vezelay, back to Lyon, to Arles (where the minister general Giovanni of Parma, after proper examination, gave him the licence to preach, confirming therewith he papal license that Salimbene had already receivd from Innocent IV), Marseille, Hyères (where he listened to lectures by Hugh of Digne), Aix, Tarascona, Beaucaire, back to Arles, Marseille and again Hyères and finally to Nice. From there, Salimbene traveled to Genoa early November 1248 (where Salimbene was ordained priest. For more details on this trip, see J. Paul (1976)) Yet in 1249, Salimbene traveled again to France, this time for a shorter visit that brought him from Genoa to Hyères, Avignon, and Lyon, and on the way back to Vienne, Grenoble, Embrun, Susa, Alessandria and Tortona. This voyage was cut short when, in Lyon, Salimbene ran into the provincial minister Ruffino Gurgone, who was very displeased o find Salimbene there, instead of in Paris, where he was supposed to complete a lectorate course for the Bologna province (to which Salimbene had transferred shortly before his travels began). Ruffino Gurgone ordered Salimbene to return to Italy. After a short sojourn in Genoa, Salimbene traveled onwards towards his new assignment in Ferrara, where he stayed between 1249 and 1256. It was probably in this period that Salimbene began to order his notes on his travels and began to write some the historical and edificatory works mentioned in his Cronica . In 1259, Salimbene spent a full year in Borgo San Donnino. The year thereafter, Salimbene travelled with flagellants from Sassuolo towards Reggio and Parma, and in 1261, Salimbene spent the first months of the year in Modena, before he traveled onwards to Bologna in may of that year. His whereabouts for the period immediately after this cannot be charted with certainty. Based on dispersed notes in his chronicle, it is clear that he was in Ravenna, Argenta and Ferrara in 1264, and that he spent time in Faenza in 1265. Around this time, he also went on pilgrimage to Assisi, and he is known to have passed through Perugia, La Verna and to have visited Bagno di Romagna, Meldola and Forlì. In 1266, he could be found in Parma and Ravenna. In Ravenna he apparently spent some time, as he still or again was found there in 1268 and 1269. But in September 1270, he was in Imola, and in May 1273 he witnessed the siege of Forlì by Bolognese troops. In August, he was at the Ravenna friary and later that year in Faenza, where he stayed until September or October 1274. In the period thereafter, Salimbene’s whereabouts are not very clear. He apparently spent the time between late 1274 and 1277 in one or several friaries of the Bologna province, and his remarks regarding the earthquake of 1279 indicate that he might in that year have been in the March of Ancona or in Romagna. By August 1283, he is in Reggio, where he attends the funeral of bishop Guglielmo de Foliano. He was probably already there since May 1282, and possibly since 1279. It would seem that Salimbene stayed in Reggio until late 1285, with a short excursion to Parma between August and December 1284. After Fall 1285, Salimbene probably spent his remaining years in the Montefalcone friary in the Reggio province (where also his half brother Guido had been buried), except for some small excursions. He must have died at the Montefalcone friary shortly after 1288. In his Cronica , Salimbene refers to a number of works that he would have composed during his stay at Ferrara in the 1250s and after. Hence, in 1250, while at Ferrara, he would have started a chronicle with the incipit ‘Octavianus Cesar Augustus’. This might have been a world history from Augustus to the history of the Longobards in Italy. Salimbene remarks in his Cronica that lack of parchment and overall poverty forced him to abandon that project. In 1259, in Borgo San Donnino, Salimbene apparently wrote a Liber Tediorum , not unlike the one composed by Girardo Patecchio, which might give us an inkling of its contents. Furthermore, in the course of his life, he also wrote a Tractatus de Helyseo and a Tractatus Pape Gregorii Decimi . The first of these would have been a rather fantastic biography and eulogy of one of Salimbene’s favourite biblical figures, with whom he liked to compare some of his beloved contemporary Franciscan teachers and prophets, such as Hugh of Digne (whom he described as ‘Spiritualis homo ultra modum, ita ut alterum Paulum crederes te videre seu alterum Helyseum’), and who returns time and again in his biblical citations. The work would probably have dealt with the translation of the alleged relics of this prophet from Ravenna to Parma, with which Salimbene had been involved personally. The latter treatise on Pope Gregory X would, if we can rely on Salimbene’s remarks in his Cronica , have dealt with the deeds and with the prophecies surrounding this papal figure. Salimbene also wrote a treatise on Frederick II, which is mentioned several times in his chronicle, and elements of which (notably the passages on the ‘XII scelera Friderici’ and the remarks on the ‘superstitiones et curiositates et maledictiones et incredulitates et perversitates et abusiones’ of the Emperor) were included in Salimbene’s sole surviving work. The original treatrise was still known to the humanist historian Flavio Biondo, who used it as a source for his Historiarum Decades . The text of Salimbene’s Cronica mentions in passing several other historiographical works, as well as texts dealing with Joachimist prophecies and on biblical similitudes and mysteries that he would have compiled in the course of his life. Although none of these texts have survived, it would seem that their mode of procedure might have been rather similar to that used for the compilation of the Cronica . We know that Salimbene was intrigued by the correspondances between Francis and Christ, which has caused Ferdinand Delorme to ask with caution whether Salimbene could be seen as the author of the 13 th -century treatise Meditatio Pauperis in Solitudine , but that work has since been ascribed to a number of other Franciscan authors (cf. F. M. Delorme, ‘Élévations théologiques sur S. François, ‘l’ autre agne au signe du Dieu vivant’ (Traité inédit du XIIIe siècle)’, Studi Francescani n.s. 10 (1924), 233-261 & Meditatio Pauperis in Solitudine, auctore anonymo saec. XIII , ed. F.M. Delorme, Bibliotheca Franciscana Ascetica Medii Aevi, 7 (Quaracchi, 1929)). Finally, it might be that some of Salimbene’s Italian versifications have survived in a manuscript containing the Frotula Noie Moralis . This latter work by Girardo Patecchio and Ugo de Perseg was held in hight esteem by Salimbene, and there are some indications to assume that four strophes (40 verses) added at the end of the ‘Noie’ in MS Braid. AD-XVI, 20 (edited in Le ‘Noie’ cremonesi , ed. G.G. Persico (Modena, 1951), 87-89, cf. also the remarks of Angelo Monteverdi in Giornale storico della letteratura italiana 82:1 (1923), 172) are Salimbene’s work, but that remains conjecture. For all we know, Salimbene’s Cronica is his only surviving work. In all probability, it contains parts of other treatises written earlier – such as his Liber de Praelato – and it was composed during his stay in Reggio and Montefalcone, between 1282 and 1288, near the end of his life. works Cronica : MS BAV, Vat.Lat. 7260 (autograph). For later copies, see: F. Masai, `Fra Salimbene et la codicologie', Scriptorium , 21 (1967), 91-99. For info on the Vatican MS, see Brepols' Autographa Medii Aevi , as well as the remarks in the introductions to the editions of Holder Egger and Scalia. The Vatican autograph manuscript has come down to us in heavily mutilated form. Considering the original foliation and internal references it would seem that the first 207 folia are missing altogether. Also missing are an unknown number of folia at the end (after f. 491) and ff. 363, 374, 436, 468-472, 475-479. The surviving part of the the chronicle counts about 272 folia, with information covering the years 1168-1287/1288. The manuscripts breaks of at f. 491, but an internal reference refers to folia 526, suggesting that the work once counted at least another 34 folia, and possibly more. The work received several editions: Chronica Fratris Salimbene de Adam Ordinis Minorum , eds. A. Bertani, A. Ronchini & L. Barbieri, Monumenta Historica ad Provincias Parmensem et Placentinam Pertinentia (Parma, 1857) [not critical]; Cronica Fratris Salimbene de Adam Ordinis Minorum , ed. O. Holder-Egger, MGH, Scriptores, 32 (Hannover, 1905-1913) [impressive critical edition]; Cronica Fratris Salimbene de Adam , ed. Ferdinando Bernini (Bari, 1942) [without critical apparatus]; Salimbene de Adam: Cronica , ed. Giuseppe Scalia, Scrittori d’Italia, 2 Vols. (Bari, 1966); Salimbene de Adam, Cronica , ed. Giuseppe Scalia, 2 Vols. CCCM 125 (Turnhout: Brepols, 1998-1999). See also CETEDOC, Thesaurus fratris Salimbene de Adam, Formae et lemmata , ed. Pierre Beguin (Turnhout, 1992). Notwithstanding the fact that some of Holder-Egger’s convictions concerning the relationship between Salimbene’s Cronica and the alleged works of Alberto di Gerardo Milioli do no longer stand up to scrutiny, his large critical edition of Salimbene’s text, with its exhaustive apparatus fontium and its detailed indices still is very usable, especially for historians, and in essence not inferior to the latest edition provided by Giuseppe Scalia for the Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis series. For translations, see: Die Chronik des Salimbene von Parma , trans. A. Doren, 2 Vols. (Leipzig, 1914). [Full German translation?]; P.M. d’Aincreville, ‘Voyage de Salimbene en France (1247-1248)’, La France Franciscaine 1 (1912), 25-75. [Provides a translation of Salimbene’s visit to France and his encounters with the pope at Avignon, the minister general John of Parma and the Joachite friar Hugh of Digne]; Thomas d’Eccleston et Salimbene d’Adam, Sur les routes d’Europe au XIIIe siècle; chroniques traduites et commentées , trans. M.-T. Laureilhe, 2 Vols. (Paris, 1959). [Partial translation of Salimbene’s travels through France]; G.G. Coulton, From St. Francis to Dante: translations from the Chronicle of the Franciscan Salimbene , 2 nd Augmented Edition (London, 1907/Reprint New York, 1968 & Philadelphia, 1972). [Partial translation interspersed with rather impressionist comments]; Salimbene da Parma, Storie di santi, profeti e ciarlatani , trans. V. Dornetti (Milan, 1989); The Chronicle of Salimbene de Adam , trans. Joseph L. Baird, Giuseppe Baglivi and John Robert Kane, Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies, 40 (Binghamton, NY, 1986). [Full and on the whole dependable English translation]; Salimbene de Adam da Parma, Cronica , trans. B. Rossi (Bologna, 1987). [Full and dependable Italian translation]; It was re-issued with Scalia's edition as: Salimbene de Adam de Parma, Cronica , Testo latino a cura di Giuseppe Scalia. Traduzione di Berardo Rosi, 2 Vols. (Parma: Monte Università Parma Editore, 2007). [Cf. review in Il Santo 48 (2008), 343-345]; Salimbene de Adam, Cronaca , trans. Giuseppe Tonna, Biblioteca padana (Reggio Emilia: Diabasis, 2001). [Full and dependable Italian translation]; Salimbene de Adam, Chronique , ed. & trans. G. Scalia, Jean-Claude Schmitt, Gisèle Besson & Michèle Brossard-Dandré, 2 Vols. (Paris: Honoré Champion, 2016). [Full and dependable translation]; Salimbene de Parma, Kronika franciszkanska , ed. Henryk Pietruszczak (Zgorzelec: Henryk Pietruszczak, 2020). literature Sbaralea, Supplementum (ed. 1806), 648-649; Sbaralea, Supplementum III, 77-78; L. 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Scalia, ‘Coscienza storiografica e cultura biblica nella Cronica di Salimbene’, in: Salimbeniana. Atti del convegno per il VII centenario di fra Salimbene, Parma, 1987-1989 (Bologna, 1991), 209-220; C. Segre, ‘Livelli stilistici e polifonia linguistica nella Cronica di Salimbene da Parma’, in: Salimbeniana. Atti del convegno per il VII centenario di fra Salimbene, Parma, 1987-1989 (Bologna, 1991), 221-228; A.A. Settia, “Ista maledictio guerrarum’: il fenomeno bellico nella ‘Cronica’ di Salimbene da Parma’, in: Salimbeniana. Atti del convegno per il VII centenario di fra Salimbene, Parma, 1987-1989 (Bologna, 1991), 229-239; P. Tomasoni, ‘Osservazioni sintattiche e strutturali sulla ‘Cronica’di Salimbene’, in: Salimbeniana. Atti del convegno per il VII centenario di fra Salimbene, Parma, 1987-1989 (Bologna, 1991), 240-253; S. Vecchio, ‘Valori laici e valori francescani nella ‘Cronica’ di Salimbene da Parma’, in: Salimbeniana. Atti del convegno per il VII centenario di fra Salimbene, Parma, 1987-1989 (Bologna, 1991), 254-265; A. Zaninoni, ‘La donna e le donne nella Cronica di Salimbene’, in: Salimbeniana. Atti del convegno per il VII centenario di fra Salimbene, Parma, 1987-1989 (Bologna, 1991), 266-271; M. D’Alatri, ‘Chiara e le Clarisse nella Cronaca di fra Salimbene’, Collectanea Franciscana 61 (1991), 481-489 [reprinted in: M. D’Alatri & J. Paul, Salimbene da Parma (…) (1992), 223-231]; M. D’Alatri & J. Paul, Salimbene da Parma. Testimone e cronista , Bibliotheca Seraphico-Capuccina, 41 (Rome, 1992) [a gathering of new and earlier published essays]; M. d’Alatri, ‘Bibliografia salimbeniana, 1930-1991’, in: idem & J. Paul, Salimbene da Parma. Testimone e cronista , 245-257; M. d’Alatri, Bibliografia Salimbeniana 1930-1991 (Rome, 1992); Alfonso Marini, ‘Il francescanesimo istituzionale di Salimbene’, Collectanea Franciscana 62 (1992), 645-649 (review of the 1988 and 1992 works by Alatri and Paul); L. Gatto, ‘La chiesa nella cronaca salimbeniana’, in: Celestino V e le sue imagini del medio evo , Convegni Celestiniani, 6 (L'Aquila, 1993), 41-65; M. Brossard-Dandré, ‘Le statut de l’exemplum dans la chronique de fra Salimbene’, communication au colloque Les exempla médiévaux: nouvelles perspectives , École normale supérieure de Saint-Cloud, 27-28 septembre 1994; L. Gatto, ‘Federico II nella cronaca di Salimbene de Adam’, in: Federico II e le nuove culture , 507-538; Olivier Guyotjeannin, Salimbene de Adam: un chroniqueur franciscain , Témoins de notre histoire (Turnhout: Brepols, 1995); C. Violante, ‘Motivi e carattere della cronica di Salimbene’, in: Idem, La ‘cortesia’ chiericale e borghese nel duecento (Florence, 1995), 13-80 [reworking of an article with the same title, published in the Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa , 22 (1953), 108-154]; Bert Roest, Reading the Book of History (Groningen, 1996) (esp.introduction); M. Boriosi, ‘La ‘Cronica’ de Fra Salimbene, une 'cronique-polemique'?’, Collectanea Franciscana 66:1-2 (1996), 127-165; Ludovico Gatto, ‘Salimbene par soi même’, Clio 32 (1996), 401-436; N. Scivoletto, ‘Il ‘gran rifiuto’ di Salimbene da Parma’, in: ‘‘Ars narrandi’. Scritti di narrativa antica in memoria di Luigi Pepe , ed Carlo Santini & Loriano Zurli, Materiali e contributi per la storia della narrativa greco-latina, 1 (Naples, 1996), 225-232; Giuseppe Scalia, ‘La ‘Cronica’ di Salimbene de Adam’, in: Editori di Quaracchi , 421-423;Jacques Berlioz, ‘Pouvoir royal, montagne et cataclysmes: Pierre III d’Aragon et le ‘Mont Ténébreux”, in: Idem, Catastrophes naturelles et calamités au Moyen Age , Micrologus Library, 1 (Florence:SISMEL, 1998), 183-196; Michèle Brossard-Dandré, ‘Le statut de l’ exemplum dans la Chronique de Fra Salimbene de Adam’, in: Les Exempla médiévaux: Nouvelle perspectives , ed. J. Berlioz & M.A. Polo de Beaulieu (Paris, 1998), 83-104; Barbara Garofani, ‘Salimbene sonoro’, Nuova Rivista Storica 82 (1998), 85-104; Ludovico Gatto, ‘Poesia e poeti nella scrittura storica di Salimbene’, in: Storiografia e poesia nella cultura medievale , Nuovi studistorici, 35 (Rome, 1999), 223-261; Horacio Botalla, ‘Espacio y representación en la “Chronica” de fray Salimbene de Adam’, in: Nuevo Mundo (Buenos Aires) 1(2000), 281-300; Nino Scivoletto, ‘Fra’ Salimbene ‘commentatore’ di Dante prima di Dante’, in: San Francesco e il francescanesimo nella letteratura italiana dal XIII al XV secolo , ed. Stanislao da Campagnola & Pasquale Tuscano (Assisi: Accademia Properziana del Subasio, 2001), 53-73; Isabelle Weill, ‘Frédéric II de Hohenstaufen, une figure du mauvais roi dans la “Cronica” de Salimbene de Adam’, in: La figure du roi II, 185-198; Salimbene de Adam , ed. Claudio Sebastiana Nobili, Cento libri per mille anni (Rome: Istituto poligrafo e Zecco dello Stato, 2002); Ludovico Gatto, ‘Francesco d’Assisi e i francescani nella ‘Cronaca’ di Salimbene de Adam’, Frate Francesco n.s. 68 (2002), 137-170; Giorgio Cracco, ‘Fra Salimbene e la ‘domus-religio’. Salvare l’Europa cristiana nella cultura del tardo Duecento’, Rivista di Storia e Letteratura Religiosa 38 (2002), 203-233; Ludovico Gatto, ‘Divertimenti e giocchi nella ‘Cronaca’ di Salimbene’, in: Studi sulle società e le culture del Medioevo per Girolamo Arnaldi , ed. Ludovico Gatto & Paola Supino Martini, 2 Vols. (Florence: All’Insegna del Giglio, 2002), 201-228; L. Mascanzoni, ‘Salimbene, Riccobaldo e la leggenda di Cola Pesce’, Quaderni Medievali 54 (2002), 150-162; Sabastiana Nobili, ‘Salimbene da Parma tra narrativa e predicazione’, in: Letteratura in forma di sermone. I rapporti tra predicazione e letteratura nel secoli XIII-XVI , ed. G. Auzzas, G. Baffetti & C. Delcorno, Atti del Seminario di Studi di Bologna, 15-17 novembre 2001 (Florence, 2003), 301-314; Robert Brentano, ‘Do not say that this is a man from Assisi’, in: Beyond Florence: The Contours of Medieval and Modern Italy , ed. Paula Findlen, Michelle M. Fontaine & Duane J. Osheim (Stanford: Stanford UP, 2003), 72-80, 256. [Talks about the Franciscan order’s rejection of identification with the home towns of its friars, yet also argues that the friars helped to foster urban identities. Heavily dependent on the descriptions of Parma in the chronicle of Salimbene]; C.S. Nobili, ‘Biografia e agiografia nelle cronache duecentesche: il caso di Salimbene de Adam’, Hagiographica 11 (2004) & 12 (2005), 365-376; Daniel Pinti, 'Language Play and Franciscan Propriety in the Chronicle of Salimbene de Adam', Enarratio 11 (2004), 26-38 [http://hdl.handle.net/1811/71297 ]; Gisèle Besson, ‘ Locus et conventus :un état des ‘lieux’ franciscains chez Salimbene de Adam’, Médiévales 48 (2005), 123-139; Adnan A. Husain, 'Writing Identity as Remembered History: Person, Place, and Time in Friar Salimbene's Autobiographical Prose Map', Viator 36 (2005), 265-292; Ludovico Gatto, Dalla parte di Salimbene. Raccolta di ricerche sulla Cronaca e i suoi personaggi , ed. Pietro Messa (Rome: Ed. Antonianum, 2006) [a.o. Salimbene de Adam di fronte alla scuole tra i Francescani (pp. 295-309) [see AFH 100 (2007), 616; CF 77 (2007), 682ff]; Ludovico Gatto, ‘Le città francesi nella ‘Cronaca’ di Salimbene de Adam’, in: Città e vita cittadina nei paesi dell'area mediterranea. Secoli XI-XV. Atti del Convegno Internazionale in onore di Salvatore Tramontana (Adrano-Bronte-Catania-Palermo, 18-22 novembre 2003) , ed. Biagio Saitta (Rome: Viella, 2006), 683-718; Luis Horacio Botalla, ‘Un franciscano lee a los padres. Notas sobre la imagen de Gregorio Magno en la ‘Chronica’ de Fray Salimbene de Parma’, in: Gregorio Magno y su época. Homenaje al XIV centenario de su muerte (604-2004) , ed. Hugo Andrés Zurutuza & Luis Horacio Botalla (Buenos Aires: Facultad de filosofía y lettras, Instituto de historia antigua y medieval ‘José Luis Romero’ Sección historia antigua, 2006), 137-154; Felice Accrocca, ‘Guerra e pace nella città italiane del Duecento. Il ruolo dei Frati Minori secondo la testimonianze di Salimbene da Parma’, in: I Francescani e la politica. Atti del Convegno internazionale di studio, Palermo 3-7 Dicembre 2002 , Tomi I-II, ed. Alessandro Musco (Palermo: Officina di Studi Medievali 2007), 1-13 [re-issued in Felice Accrocca, L'identità complessa. Percorsi francescani fra Due e Trecento (Padua: Centro Studi Antoniani, 2014), 229-242]; Alison Williams Lewin, ‘Salimbene de Adam and the Franciscan Chronicle’, in: Chronicling History: Chroniclers and Historians in Medieval and Renaissance Italy , ed. Sharon Dale, Alison William Lewin & Duane J. Osheim (University Park PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2007), 87-112; Antonio Carile, ‘Salimbene de Adam e il guelfismo italiano di fronte a Bisanzio’, in: Antonio Carile, Teologia politica bizantina , Collectanea, 22 (Spoleto: Centro Italiano di Studi sull’Alto Medioevo, 2008), 253-264; Roberto Angelini, ‘Saraceni e cristiani in Terra Santa nella Cronica di Salimbene da Parma’, Itineraria 7 (2008), 63-72; Edith Pásztor, ‘L’esperienza francescana nella ‘Cronica’ di Salimbene’, in: Intentio beati Francisci. Il percorso difficile dell'Ordine francescano (secoli XIII-XV) , ed. Felice Accrocca, Bibliotheca seraphico-capuccina, 85 (Rome, Istituto Storico dei Cappuccini, 2008), 211-223: Carlo Santini, ‘II nibbio di Salimbene’, in: Medioevo folklorico: intersezioni di testi e culture: atti del convegno, Macerata, 4-6 dicembre 2007 , ed. Massimo Bonafin & Carla Cucina (Alessandria, 2009), 157-168; Ingeborg Braisch, Eigenbild und Fremdverständnis im Duecento: Saba Malaspina und Salimbene da Parma , 2 Vols. (Frankfurt a. M., 2010); André Luis Pereira Miatello, ‘Salimbene de Parma e a escrita da história no século XIII Miatello’, in: Anais do XXVI simpósio nacional da ANPUH (2011), 1-13 [electronically available at: http://www.snh2011.anpuh.org/resources/anais/14/1300665568_ARQUIVO_SalimbenedeParmaeaescritadahistorianoseculoXIII.pdf & https://www.academia.edu/7233449]; Victoria M. Morse, ‘Saint Francis and Salimbene de Adam. The Franciscan Experience of Family’, in: The Middle Ages in texts and texture: reflections on medieval sources , ed. Jason Kahn Glenn (Toronto-Buffalo: University of Toronto Press, 2011), 259-272; S. Bordoni, ‘Una selva di citazioni. La ‘Cronaca’ di Salimbene tra storia e autobiografia intellettuale’, Parole rubate 3 (2011), 3-26; Emilio Pasquini, ‘Francesco d'Assisi a Bologna. Bologna in Salimbene da Parma‘, in: Idem, Fra Due e Quattrocento: cronotipi letterari in Italia (Milan, 2012), 21-33; Horacio Botalia, ‘Exempla franciscanos en la Italia del siglo XIII’, Actas y Comunicaciones del Instituto de Historia Antigua y Medieval 9:1 (2013), 1-10 [esp. on the presence of exemplum-like elements in the chronicle of Salimbene etc.]; Ionut Epurescu-Pascovici, ‘Conversion and Autobiography: The Case of Salimbene of Parma‘, The Medieval History Journal 17 (2014), 27-55; Isabelle Weill, ‘La Cronica de Salimbene’, in: La mémoire à l'oeuvre: fixations et mouvances médiévales , ed. Caroline Cazanave, Annales littéraires de l'Université de Franche-Comté: Série Littéraires, 25 (Besançon, 2014), 307-320; Claudia Sebastiana Nobili, ‘Elia come antimodello nella Cronica di Salimbene de Adam', in: Elia di Cortona tra realtà e mito: atti dell'Incontro di studio: Cortona, 12-13 luglio 2013 , Figure e temi francescani, 2 (Spoleto (2014), 145-160; Jussi Hanska, ‘‘Volebam tamen ut nomen michi esset Dyonisius‘ - Fra Salimbene, Wine and Well-Being‘, in: Mental (dis)order in later Medieval Europe , ed. Sari Katajala-Peltomaa & Susanna Niiranen, Later medieval Europe, 12 (Turnhout: Brepols, 2014), 129-140; Giuseppe Ligato, 'La crociata e il primo secolo francescana in Terra Santa nella cronaca di frate Salimbene de Adam', Frate Francesco n.s. 82 (2016), 77-104; Allison Edgren, ‘From Saint Francis to Salimbene di Adam: Begging in the Early Franciscan World, ca. 1210-80‘, in: Approaches to Poverty in Medieval Europe: Complexities, contradictions, transformations, ca. 1100-1500 , ed. Sharon Ann Farmer (Turnhout: Brepols, 2016), 93-116; Antonio Antonetti, 'Regalità e simbologia del drago. Il giudizio di Salimbene de Adam su Carlo I d'Angiò', Schola Salernitana 21 (2016), 51-66 [http://www.serena.unina.it/index.php/schola/article/view/4097/4804 ]; Marina Nardone, La persuasione dolce: La tradizione del gioachimismo nella cronachistica francescana tra XIII e XIV secolo , PhD Diss. Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II (Naples, s.a.), 98-176; Austin Powell, 'Writing Polemic as History: The Apocalyptic Implications of Elias of Cortona, Hugh of Digne, and Gerardo Segarelli in Salimbene's Cronica', Franciscan Studies 75 (2017), 343-384; Salimbene de Adam e la "Cronica": atti del LIV convegno storico internazionale: Todi, 8-10 ottobre 2017 , Atti dei convegni dell'Accademia Tudertina e del Centro di Studi sulla Spiritualità Medievale, Nuova Seria, 31 (Spoleto: CISAM, 2018) [with as individual essays: Enrico Menestò, 'La figura di Salimbene de Adam', 1-20; Stefano Brufani, 'Salimbene de Adam frate Minore. L'utilitas nella Cronica', 21-42; Nicoletta Giovè Marchioli, 'Il manoscritto della Cronica di Salimbene de Adam', 43-68; Giuseppe Cremascoli, 'Le fonti bibliche', 69-84; Alberto Bartòla, 'Salimbene e i suoi autori. Compresenze e intertestualità nella Cronica', 85-106; Roberto Gamberini, 'Ricardo di Cremona: un cronista universale tra le fonti di Salimbene', 107-126; Gisèle Besson, 'Vidi per somnium: le vocabulaire du sommeil, du reve et de la vision chez Salimbene', 127-148; Pascale Bourgain, 'Langue et style chez Salimbene, entre prétentions savantes et spontanéité', 149-166; Armando Bisanti, 'La fortuna della Cronica di Salimbene de Adam fra Trecento e Quattrocento', 167-218; Marino Zabbia, 'La cronachistica cittadina al tempo di Salimbene de Adam', 219-232; Sebastiana Nobili, 'La Cronica e la pluralità dei generi letterari Nobili', 233-250; Mauro Ronzani, 'Salimbene tra poteri universali e realtà comunali', 251-266; Maria Teresa Dolso, 'Frati Mendicanti e città nella Cronica', 267-304; Marina Montesano, ''Prophetie (...) que non cognoscuntur, nisi cum fuerint iam complete'. Rivelazioni e profezie nella Cronica', 305-320; Francesco Santi, 'Spiritualità e letteratura in Salimbene', 321-340; Agostino Paravicini Bagliani, 'Salimbene e la natura', 341-357]; Erminio Gallo, Vescovi, clero e Ordine francescano nel secolo XIII: benevolenza e conflitti nelle cronache di Giordano da Giano, Tommaso da Eccleston e Salimbene de Adam (Trapani, 2018); Francesco Santi, 'Giovanni di Pian del Carpine, Salimbene di Adam e Pietro di Giovanni Olivi: tre francescani e tre immagine del papa nel secolo XIII', Franciscana. Bollettino della Società Internazionale di Studi Francescani 20 (2018), 173-190; Giuseppe Ligato, 'La mancata vocazione cavalleresca di Salimbene de Adam e il ruolo di Elia da Cortona', in: Frate Elia, il primo francescanesimo e l'Oriente , ed. Gabriel Marius Caliman, Cortona francescana. NS, 2 (Spoleto: CISAM, 2019), 119-140; Simone Barlettai, 'Profeti o indovini?: Il caso di Benvenuto Asdenti nella Cronica di Salimbene de Parma e nell' 'Inferno' di Dante', Hápax 12 (2019), 13-28; Felice Accrocca, 'La Cronica di Salimbene. Cronaca, materiali per la predicazione o altro ancora?', Frate Francesco 85 (2019), 455-474; Giuseppe Ligato, 'Il 'Super Hieremiam' pseudogioachimita e la memoria delle sconfitte crociate in Egitto (1221 e 1250) nella 'Cronica' di frate Salimbene de Adam', Frate Francesco 86 (2020), 7-47; Stefania Voce, 'La città medievale. Parma raccontata da Salimbene de Adam', in: La città e le sue metamorfosi: atti del convegno: Parma, 7 maggio 2019 , ed. Stefania Voce, Philohumanistica, 2 (Bologna, 2020), 137-158; Horacio Botalla, 'En torno a las relaciones entre hagiografía y cronística en el siglo XIII: el franciscano Salimbene de Parma', Bibliotheca Augustiniana 11 (2021), 5-33; Marco Bartoli, 'I bambini nell'età dello Spirito: una pagina della Cronica di Salimbene de Adam', in: L'épaisseur du temps: mélanges offerts à Jacques Dalarun , ed. Sean L. Field, Marco Guida & Dominique Poirel (Turnhout: Brepols, 2021), 249-261; Maddalena Moglia, 'I milites dimenticati. Salimbene, la quarta crociata e la memoria cittadina a Parma', Società e Storia 173 (2021), 433-456; Gino Reggiani, 'Il tempo di Salimbene', Aurea Parma 105 (2021), 35-57; Giuseppina Brunetti, 'Attorno a frate Salimbene de Adam di Parma: l'autografo, la Chronica e la letteratura', in: I manoscritti degli Ordini mendicanti e la letteratura medievale , ed. Agnese Macchiarelli, Filologicamente. Studi e testi romanzi, 6 (Bologna: Bononia University Press, 2021), 31-46; Michael J.P. Robson, 'Salimbene de Adam's Supplement to Thomas of Eccleston's Chronicle', Studii Franciscane. Revista Institutului Teologic Romano-Catolic Franciscan Roman 21 (2021), 5-37; Alessandro Cesareo, Images et formes de la pauvreté dans la Compilatio Assisiensis, dans la Cronica Salimbene di Adam ordinis Minorum et Jacques de Voragine (Perugia: CISAM, 2022); Manuel Kamenzin, 'Verfehlungen und Strafen. Der Tod Papst Innocenz' IV. bei Salimbene de Adam und Matthaeus Parisiensis', Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken 102 (2022), 190-220; Gisèle Besson, 'Un regard sur le gouvernement de l'Église dans la Chronique de Salimbene de Adam. Le discours critique d'un franciscain (XIIIe siècle)', in: Liberté de parole: les élites savantes et la critique des pouvoirs, Orient et Occident, VIIIe-XIIIe siècle , ed. Makrâm Abbès & Marie-Celine Isaïa, Bibliothèque d'histoire culturelle du Moyen Âge, 23 (Turnhout: Brepols, 2022), 159-186; Manuel Kamenzin, 'Anfang vom Ende ode rWendepunkt? Die Niederlage Friedrichs II. bei der Belagerung von Parma 1247/8 bei Matthaeus Parisiensis und Salimbene de Adam im Vergleich', in: Geschichte wird von den Besiegten geschrieben: Darstellung und Deutung militärischer Niederlagen in Antike und Mittelalter , ed. Manuel Kamenzin & Simon Lentzsch (Frankfurt a. M., 2023), 435-460; Stefania Voce, 'Salimbene de Adam, la Cronica e il personaggio di Giovanni Barisello (con la traduzione di Giuseppe Tonna)', Schede Medievali 61 (2023), 155-170; After a short stay in 1247 in Cremona and Parma, then under siege by imperial armies, Salimbene was sent to France, in all probability to escape warfare and to continue his education at the order’s study house in Paris. Salimbene took the opportunity to set out for an itinerary that brough him via Lyon (where he met pope Innocent IV), Villefranche, Troyes, Provins (where he encountered Gerardo da Borgo San Donnino), Paris (where Salimbene did not linger to study!), Sens (where he encountered Giovanni da Pian del Carpine, just back from his travels to China, and witnessed the French King Louis IX who attended the Franciscan provincial chapter at Sens), Auxerre and the surrounding region, again Sens and Auxerre, Vezelay, back to Lyon, to Arles (where the minister general Giovanni of Parma, after proper examination, gave him the licence to preach, confirming therewith he papal license that Salimbene had already receivd from Innocent IV), Marseille, Hyères (where he listened to lectures by Hugh of Digne), Aix, Tarascona, Beaucaire, back to Arles, Marseille and again Hyères and finally to Nice. From there, Salimbene traveled to Genoa early November 1248 (where Salimbene was ordained priest. For more details on this trip, see J. Paul (1976)) Yet in 1249, Salimbene traveled again to France, this time for a shorter visit that brought him from Genoa to Hyères, Avignon, and Lyon, and on the way back to Vienne, Grenoble, Embrun, Susa, Alessandria and Tortona. This voyage was cut short when, in Lyon, Salimbene ran into the provincial minister Ruffino Gurgone, who was very displeased o find Salimbene there, instead of in Paris, where he was supposed to complete a lectorate course for the Bologna province (to which Salimbene had transferred shortly before his travels began). Ruffino Gurgone ordered Salimbene to return to Italy. After a short sojourn in Genoa, Salimbene traveled onwards towards his new assignment in Ferrara, where he stayed between 1249 and 1256. It was probably in this period that Salimbene began to order his notes on his travels and began to write some the historical and edificatory works mentioned in his Cronica . In 1259, Salimbene spent a full year in Borgo San Donnino. The year thereafter, Salimbene travelled with flagellants from Sassuolo towards Reggio and Parma, and in 1261, Salimbene spent the first months of the year in Modena, before he traveled onwards to Bologna in may of that year. His whereabouts for the period immediately after this cannot be charted with certainty. Based on dispersed notes in his chronicle, it is clear that he was in Ravenna, Argenta and Ferrara in 1264, and that he spent time in Faenza in 1265. Around this time, he also went on pilgrimage to Assisi, and he is known to have passed through Perugia, La Verna and to have visited Bagno di Romagna, Meldola and Forlì. In 1266, he could be found in Parma and Ravenna. In Ravenna he apparently spent some time, as he still or again was found there in 1268 and 1269. But in September 1270, he was in Imola, and in May 1273 he witnessed the siege of Forlì by Bolognese troops. In August, he was at the Ravenna friary and later that year in Faenza, where he stayed until September or October 1274. In the period thereafter, Salimbene’s whereabouts are not very clear. He apparently spent the time between late 1274 and 1277 in one or several friaries of the Bologna province, and his remarks regarding the earthquake of 1279 indicate that he might in that year have been in the March of Ancona or in Romagna. By August 1283, he is in Reggio, where he attends the funeral of bishop Guglielmo de Foliano. He was probably already there since May 1282, and possibly since 1279. It would seem that Salimbene stayed in Reggio until late 1285, with a short excursion to Parma between August and December 1284. After Fall 1285, Salimbene probably spent his remaining years in the Montefalcone friary in the Reggio province (where also his half brother Guido had been buried), except for some small excursions. He must have died at the Montefalcone friary shortly after 1288. In his Cronica , Salimbene refers to a number of works that he would have composed during his stay at Ferrara in the 1250s and after. Hence, in 1250, while at Ferrara, he would have started a chronicle with the incipit ‘Octavianus Cesar Augustus’. This might have been a world history from Augustus to the history of the Longobards in Italy. Salimbene remarks in his Cronica that lack of parchment and overall poverty forced him to abandon that project. In 1259, in Borgo San Donnino, Salimbene apparently wrote a Liber Tediorum , not unlike the one composed by Girardo Patecchio, which might give us an inkling of its contents. Furthermore, in the course of his life, he also wrote a Tractatus de Helyseo and a Tractatus Pape Gregorii Decimi . The first of these would have been a rather fantastic biography and eulogy of one of Salimbene’s favourite biblical figures, with whom he liked to compare some of his beloved contemporary Franciscan teachers and prophets, such as Hugh of Digne (whom he described as ‘Spiritualis homo ultra modum, ita ut alterum Paulum crederes te videre seu alterum Helyseum’), and who returns time and again in his biblical citations. The work would probably have dealt with the translation of the alleged relics of this prophet from Ravenna to Parma, with which Salimbene had been involved personally. The latter treatise on Pope Gregory X would, if we can rely on Salimbene’s remarks in his Cronica , have dealt with the deeds and with the prophecies surrounding this papal figure. Salimbene also wrote a treatise on Frederick II, which is mentioned several times in his chronicle, and elements of which (notably the passages on the ‘XII scelera Friderici’ and the remarks on the ‘superstitiones et curiositates et maledictiones et incredulitates et perversitates et abusiones’ of the Emperor) were included in Salimbene’s sole surviving work. The original treatrise was still known to the humanist historian Flavio Biondo, who used it as a source for his Historiarum Decades . The text of Salimbene’s Cronica mentions in passing several other historiographical works, as well as texts dealing with Joachimist prophecies and on biblical similitudes and mysteries that he would have compiled in the course of his life. Although none of these texts have survived, it would seem that their mode of procedure might have been rather similar to that used for the compilation of the Cronica . We know that Salimbene was intrigued by the correspondances between Francis and Christ, which has caused Ferdinand Delorme to ask with caution whether Salimbene could be seen as the author of the 13 th -century treatise Meditatio Pauperis in Solitudine , but that work has since been ascribed to a number of other Franciscan authors (cf. F. M. Delorme, ‘Élévations théologiques sur S. François, ‘l’ autre agne au signe du Dieu vivant’ (Traité inédit du XIIIe siècle)’, Studi Francescani n.s. 10 (1924), 233-261 & Meditatio Pauperis in Solitudine, auctore anonymo saec. XIII , ed. F.M. Delorme, Bibliotheca Franciscana Ascetica Medii Aevi, 7 (Quaracchi, 1929)). Finally, it might be that some of Salimbene’s Italian versifications have survived in a manuscript containing the Frotula Noie Moralis . This latter work by Girardo Patecchio and Ugo de Perseg was held in hight esteem by Salimbene, and there are some indications to assume that four strophes (40 verses) added at the end of the ‘Noie’ in MS Braid. AD-XVI, 20 (edited in Le ‘Noie’ cremonesi , ed. G.G. Persico (Modena, 1951), 87-89, cf. also the remarks of Angelo Monteverdi in Giornale storico della letteratura italiana 82:1 (1923), 172) are Salimbene’s work, but that remains conjecture. For all we know, Salimbene’s Cronica is his only surviving work. In all probability, it contains parts of other treatises written earlier – such as his Liber de Praelato – and it was composed during his stay in Reggio and Montefalcone, between 1282 and 1288, near the end of his life. works Cronica : MS BAV, Vat.Lat. 7260 (autograph). For later copies, see: F. Masai, `Fra Salimbene et la codicologie', Scriptorium , 21 (1967), 91-99. For info on the Vatican MS, see Brepols' Autographa Medii Aevi , as well as the remarks in the introductions to the editions of Holder Egger and Scalia. The Vatican autograph manuscript has come down to us in heavily mutilated form. Considering the original foliation and internal references it would seem that the first 207 folia are missing altogether. Also missing are an unknown number of folia at the end (after f. 491) and ff. 363, 374, 436, 468-472, 475-479. The surviving part of the the chronicle counts about 272 folia, with information covering the years 1168-1287/1288. The manuscripts breaks of at f. 491, but an internal reference refers to folia 526, suggesting that the work once counted at least another 34 folia, and possibly more. The work received several editions: Chronica Fratris Salimbene de Adam Ordinis Minorum , eds. A. Bertani, A. Ronchini & L. Barbieri, Monumenta Historica ad Provincias Parmensem et Placentinam Pertinentia (Parma, 1857) [not critical]; Cronica Fratris Salimbene de Adam Ordinis Minorum , ed. O. Holder-Egger, MGH, Scriptores, 32 (Hannover, 1905-1913) [impressive critical edition]; Cronica Fratris Salimbene de Adam , ed. Ferdinando Bernini (Bari, 1942) [without critical apparatus]; Salimbene de Adam: Cronica , ed. Giuseppe Scalia, Scrittori d’Italia, 2 Vols. (Bari, 1966); Salimbene de Adam, Cronica , ed. Giuseppe Scalia, 2 Vols. CCCM 125 (Turnhout: Brepols, 1998-1999). See also CETEDOC, Thesaurus fratris Salimbene de Adam, Formae et lemmata , ed. Pierre Beguin (Turnhout, 1992). Notwithstanding the fact that some of Holder-Egger’s convictions concerning the relationship between Salimbene’s Cronica and the alleged works of Alberto di Gerardo Milioli do no longer stand up to scrutiny, his large critical edition of Salimbene’s text, with its exhaustive apparatus fontium and its detailed indices still is very usable, especially for historians, and in essence not inferior to the latest edition provided by Giuseppe Scalia for the Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis series. For translations, see: Die Chronik des Salimbene von Parma , trans. A. Doren, 2 Vols. (Leipzig, 1914). [Full German translation?]; P.M. d’Aincreville, ‘Voyage de Salimbene en France (1247-1248)’, La France Franciscaine 1 (1912), 25-75. [Provides a translation of Salimbene’s visit to France and his encounters with the pope at Avignon, the minister general John of Parma and the Joachite friar Hugh of Digne]; Thomas d’Eccleston et Salimbene d’Adam, Sur les routes d’Europe au XIIIe siècle; chroniques traduites et commentées , trans. M.-T. Laureilhe, 2 Vols. (Paris, 1959). [Partial translation of Salimbene’s travels through France]; G.G. Coulton, From St. Francis to Dante: translations from the Chronicle of the Franciscan Salimbene , 2 nd Augmented Edition (London, 1907/Reprint New York, 1968 & Philadelphia, 1972). [Partial translation interspersed with rather impressionist comments]; Salimbene da Parma, Storie di santi, profeti e ciarlatani , trans. V. Dornetti (Milan, 1989); The Chronicle of Salimbene de Adam , trans. Joseph L. Baird, Giuseppe Baglivi and John Robert Kane, Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies, 40 (Binghamton, NY, 1986). [Full and on the whole dependable English translation]; Salimbene de Adam da Parma, Cronica , trans. B. Rossi (Bologna, 1987). [Full and dependable Italian translation]; It was re-issued with Scalia's edition as: Salimbene de Adam de Parma, Cronica , Testo latino a cura di Giuseppe Scalia. Traduzione di Berardo Rosi, 2 Vols. (Parma: Monte Università Parma Editore, 2007). [Cf. review in Il Santo 48 (2008), 343-345]; Salimbene de Adam, Cronaca , trans. Giuseppe Tonna, Biblioteca padana (Reggio Emilia: Diabasis, 2001). [Full and dependable Italian translation]; Salimbene de Adam, Chronique , ed. & trans. G. Scalia, Jean-Claude Schmitt, Gisèle Besson & Michèle Brossard-Dandré, 2 Vols. (Paris: Honoré Champion, 2016). [Full and dependable translation]; Salimbene de Parma, Kronika franciszkanska , ed. Henryk Pietruszczak (Zgorzelec: Henryk Pietruszczak, 2020). literature Sbaralea, Supplementum (ed. 1806), 648-649; Sbaralea, Supplementum III, 77-78; L. 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Da Campagnola, ‘Intuito storiografico e rilievo letterario nella ‘Cronica’di Salimbene’, Laurentianum 7 (1966), 486-495; S. da Campagnola, ‘Il francescanesimo nelle cronache di Giordano da Giano, Tommaso di Eccleston e Salimbene de Adam’, Studi Francescani .2 (1966), 243ff; S. Da Campagnola, ‘La ‘Cronica’ di Salimbene de Adam davanti alla critica', Archivio storico per le provincie parmensi 19 (1967), 329-369; F. Masai, ‘Fra Salimbene et la codicologie: à propos d’une nouvelle edition de la ‘Cronica’, Scriptorium 21 (1967), 91-99; M. Turchi, ‘Salimbene’, Aurea Parma 51 (1967), 79-98; M. D’Alatri, ‘L’eresia nella Cronica di fra Salimbene’, Collectanea Franciscana 37 (1967), 366-373 [reprinted in: Idem, La Cronaca (…) (1988), 49-58]; J. Paul, L’éloge des personnes et l’idéal humain au XIIIe siècle d’après la Chronique de fra Salimbene’, Le Moyen Age 73 (1967), 403-430 [included in an Italian translation in: M. D’Alatri & J. Paul, Salimbene da Parma (…) (1992), 35-58]; L. Gatto, ‘ iste papa circa divina fuit magnus zelator . Note sulla vita di Gregorio X nella Cronica di fra Salimbene’, Trimestre 2:2 (Pescara, 1968), 133-148; Cl. Balzani-Ripamonti, ‘La donna nella ‘Cronica’ di Salimbene de Adam’, Italia francescana 45 (1970), 201-209; A. Carile, Salimbene e la sua opera storiografica. Dalla lezione tenute alla Facoltà di Magistero dell’Università di Bologna nell’anno accademico 1970-1971 (Bologna: Riccardo Pàtron, 1971); Delno C. West, ‘The Re-Formed Church and the Friars Minor: The Moderate Joachite Position of fra Salimbene’, AFH 64 (1971), 273-284; A. Samaritani, ‘Sulla data di professione della B. Beatrice d’Este (ca. 1226-1264)’, Benedictina 19 (1972), 103-107; D.C. West, ‘The Present State of Salimbene Studies with a Bibliographical Appendix of the Major Works, Franciscan Studies 32 (1972), 225-241; M. D’Alatri, ‘Il vescovo nella Cronaca di Salimbene da Parma’, Collectanea Franciscana 42 (1972), 5-38 [reprinted in: Idem, La Cronaca (…) (1988), 73-109]; L. Gatto, ‘Il sentimento cittadino nella ‘Cronica’ di Salimbene’, in: La coscienza cittadina nei comuni italiani del Duecento , Convegni del Centro di studi sulla spiritualità medievale, 11 (Todi, 1972), 365-394; A. Sainati, ‘Arte e artificio nella ‘Cronica’di Salimbene da Parma’, in: Idem, Studi di letteratura Latina medievale e umanistica (Padua, 1972), 5-44; S. Da Campagnola, “L’ordo poenitentium’ di san Francesco nelle cronache del Duecento’, in: L’ordine della penitenza di san Francesco d’assisi nel secolo XIII, Atti del Convegno della Società internazionale di studi francescani, Assisi, 3-5 iuglio 1972 (Rome, 1973), 145-179; S. Da Campagnola, Le origine francescane come problema storiografico (Perugia, 1974), 29ff., 53-54; L. Gatto, ‘San Bonaventura nella Cronica salimbeniana’, in: San Bonaventura francescano, Convegni del Centro di studi sulla spiritualità medievale, 14 (Todi, 1974), 305-319; B. Löfstedt, ‘Neudatierungen aus Salimbenes Chronik’, Studia neophilologica 46 (1974), 236-238; M. D’Alatri, “Clerici’ e ‘magni clerici’ nella Cronica di Salimbene da Parma’, Rivista di Storia della Chiesa in Italia 30 (1976), 439-449 [reprinted in: Idem, La Cronaca (…) (1988), 59-71]; M. D’Alatri, ‘Predicazione e predicatori nella Cronica di Fra Salimbene’, Collectanea Franciscana 46 (1976), 63-91 [reprinted in: Idem, La Cronaca(…) (1988), 159-189]; J. Paul, ‘Le voyage en France de frère Salimbene (1247-1248)’, in: Voyage, quête, pèlerinage dans la littérature et la civilization médiévale (Aix-en-Provence, 1976), 41-59 [included in an Italian translation in: M. D’Alatri & J. Paul, Salimbene da Parma (…) (1992), 147-159]; Mariano D’Alatri, ‘Presenza di san Francesco nella Cronica di Salimbene da Parma’, AFH 69 (1976), 321-335 [reprinted in: Idem, La Cronaca (…) (1988), 111-124]; D.C. West, ‘Between the Flesh and the Spirit: Joachite pattern and meaning in the ‘Cronica’ of Fra Salimbene’, Journal of Medieval History 3 (1977), 339-352; J.L. Baird & G. Baglivi, ‘Salimbene and il bel motto’, American Benedictine Review 28 (1977), 201-209; J.-Cl. Schmitt, ‘Recueils franciscains d’ exempla et perfectionnement des techniques intellectuelles du XIIIe au XVe siècle’, Bibliothèque de l’École des chartes 135 (1977), 5-21; J. Paul, ‘Le joachimisme et les joachites au milieu du XIIIe siècle d’après le témoignage de fra Salimbene’, in: 1274, année charnière, mutations et continuités, Actesdu colloque Lyon-Paris, 30 septembre-5 octobre 1974, Colloques internationaux du CNRS, 558 (Paris, 1977), 797-813 [included in an Italian translation in: M. D’Alatri & J. Paul, Salimbene da Parma (…) (1992), 127-146]; L. Gatto, ‘Salimbene di Adam di fronte alle scuole tra I francescani’, in: Le scuole degli ordini mendicanti , Convegni del Centro di studi sulla spiritualità medievale, 17 (Todi, 1978), 417-436; Dino Frosini, 'Canto fermo e fratto a Pisa nel sec. XIII: testimonianze da Salimbene all'arcivescovo Visconti, a Ugo da Fagiano', Bollettino Storico Pisano 47 (1978), 121-132; D.C. West, ‘The Education of Fra Salimbene of Parma: The Joachite Influence’, in: Prophecy and Millenarianism. Essays in Honour of Marjorie Reeves , ed. A. Williams (Suffolk: Harlow, 1980), 191-215; J. Paul, ‘Salimbene témoin et chroniqueur’, in: L’historiographie en Occident du Ve au XVe siècle, Actes du Congrès de la Société des historiens médiévistes de l’enseignement supérieur (Tours, 10-12 juin 1977), Annales de Bretagne et des pays de l’Ouest 87 (1980), 267-283 [included in an Italian translation in: M. D’Alatri & J. Paul, Salimbene da Parma (…) (1992), 13-33]; F. Costa, ‘In margina alla storia del codice della ‘Cronica’di Salimbene da Parma († d. 1288)’ Miscellanea francescana 84 (1984), 699-712; L. Gatto, ‘Sicilia e Mezzogiorno italiano nella Cronica di Salimbene’, Clio 21 (1985), 215-233’; M. d’Alatri ‘L’heresia nella cronica di fra Salimbene’, in: idem, Eretici e inquisitori in Italia. Studi e documenti I: Il duecento , Bibliotheca Seraphico-Capuccini, 31 (Rome, 1986), 65-74; G. Auzzas, ‘Salimbene da Parma’, Dizionario critico della letteratura italiana , Vol. IV (Turin, 1986), 74-44; E. Pásztor, ‘L’esperienza francescana nella Cronica di Salimbene’, in: Salimbene da Parma: curiosità umana ed esperienza politica in un Francescano di sette secoli fa, Studi in occasione delle celebrazioni della morte di fra Salimbene da Parma (1221-1277[!]) , Zenit, Quaderni, supplemento al quarto numero del 1987 (Bologna, 1987), 23-30; Ovidio Capitani, ‘Politica e religiosità nella Cronica di fra Salimbene’, in: Salimbene da Parma: curiosità umana ed esperienza politica in un Francescano di sette secoli fa, Studi in occasione delle celebrazioni della morte di fra Salimbene da Parma (1221-1277[!]) , Zenit, Quaderni, supplemento al quarto numero del 1987 (Bologna, 1987), 31-38; E. Pasquini, ‘Critica del costume e diario di ‘cose viste’ nella Cronica di fra Salimbene’, in: Salimbene da Parma (…) (1987), 23-30; M.C. De Matteis, ‘La coscienza comunale della Cronica di Salimbene de Adam’, in: Salimbene da Parma (…) (1987), 39-45; M. D’Alatri, ‘La vita quotidiana dei frati minori nella ‘Cronica’di fra Salimbene’, Collectanea Franciscana 57 (1987), 245-271 [reprinted in: Idem, La Cronaca (…) (1988), 125-158]; G. Severino, ‘Storiografia, genealogia, autobiografia: il caso di Salimbene de Adam’, in: Cultura e società nell’Italia medievale. Studi per Paolo Brezzi , 2 Vols. (Rome, 1988) II, 775-793; M. D’Alatri, La cronaca di Salimbe: Personaggi e tematiche , Bibliotheca Seraphico-Capuccina, 35 (Rome, 1988); G.G. Merlo, ‘Salimbene e gli Apostolici’, Società e storia 11:39 (1988), 3-21 [reprinted in Salimbeniana (…) (1991), 144-157]; O. Guyotjeannin, ‘Lignage et mémoire généalogique en Émilie au XIIIe siècle: l’exemple de Salimbene de Adam’, in: Media in Francia…, recueil de mélanges offerts à K.F. Werner (Paris: Maulévier, 1989), 225-241; Carla Casagrande & Silvana Vecchio, ‘Cronaca, morale, predicazione: Salimbene da Parma e Jacopo da Varagine’, Studi medievali ser. 3, 30 (1989), 749-788; A. Franchi, ‘Ordine e disordine nel tempo e nello spazio: il meraviglioso e il quotidiano nella ‘Cronica’ di Salimbene di Adam’, Studi Francescani 86 (1989), 255-278; M. D’Alatri, ‘Pulpito e nevata nella Cronaca di fra Salimbene’, Collectanea franciscana 59 (1989), 5-21 [ also published in: Salimbeniana (…) (1991), 76-88, and in: M. D’Alatri & J. Paul, Salimbene da Parma (…) (1992), 181-199]; M. d’Alatri, ‘La religiosità populare nella Cronaca di fra Salimbene’, Collectanea Franciscana 60 (1990), 175-190 [reprinted in: M. D’Alatri & J. Paul, Salimbene da Parma (…) (1992), 163-179]; M. D’Alatri, ‘L’istanza della cultura per gli ecclesiastici nella ‘Cronaca’ di fra Salimbene’, in: Francescanesimo e cultura universitaria. Atti del XVI Convegno internazionale, Assisi, 13-15 ottobre 1988 , Società internazionale di studi francescani (Assisi, 1990), 93-111 [reprinted in: M. D’Alatri & J. Paul, Salimbene da Parma (…) (1992), 201-215]; A.I. Pini, ‘Salimbene de Adam’, Repertorio della cronachistica emiliano-romagnola (sec. IX-XV) , Istituto storico italiano per il Medio Evo, Nuovi studi storici, 11 (Rome, 1991), 241-249; M.P. Alberzoni, ‘Un mendicante di fronte alla vita della Chiesa nella seconda metà del Duecento: motive religiosi nella Cronica di Salimbene’, in: Salimbeniana. Atti del convegno per il VII centenario di fra Salimbene, Parma, 1987-1989 (Bologna, 1991), 7-34; G. Petti Balbi, ‘Lignaggio, famiglia, parentela in Salimbene’, in: Salimbeniana. Atti del convegno per il VII centenario di fra Salimbene, Parma, 1987-1989 (Bologna, 1991), 35-47; C. Gallico, ‘Salimbene e la musica’, in: Salimbeniana. Atti del convegno per il VII centenario di fra Salimbene, Parma, 1987-1989 (Bologna, 1991), 89-94; A. Gattucci, ‘Parole, figure e inflessioni gioachimite nella ‘Cronica’ di Salimbene’, in: Salimbeniana. Atti del convegno per il VII centenario di fra Salimbene, Parma, 1987-1989 (Bologna, 1991), 95-116; R. Greci, ‘Salimbene e la politica parmense del Duecento’, in: Salimbeniana. Atti del convegno per il VII centenario di fra Salimbene, Parma, 1987-1989 (Bologna, 1991), 117-132; L. Lazzerini, ‘Fra Salimbene predicatore’, in: Salimbeniana. Atti del convegno per il VII centenario di fra Salimbene, Parma, 1987-1989 (Bologna, 1991), 133-143; L. Pellegrini, ‘Istituzione francescana e quotidianità conventuale nell’ideale umano di Salimbene’, in: Salimbeniana. Atti del convegno per il VII centenario di fra Salimbene, Parma, 1987-1989 (Bologna, 1991), 158-173; A.I. Pini, ‘Bologna e la Romagna nella ‘Cronica sive Liber exemplorum ad usum praedicantium’ di Salimbene’, in: Salimbeniana. Atti del convegno per il VII centenario di fra Salimbene, Parma, 1987-1989 (Bologna, 1991), 174-197; D. Romagnoli, ‘Dal simbolo alla statistica: il numero nella Cronica di Salimbene’, in: Salimbeniana. Atti del convegno per il VII centenario di fra Salimbene, Parma, 1987-1989 (Bologna, 1991), 198-208; G. Scalia, ‘Coscienza storiografica e cultura biblica nella Cronica di Salimbene’, in: Salimbeniana. Atti del convegno per il VII centenario di fra Salimbene, Parma, 1987-1989 (Bologna, 1991), 209-220; C. Segre, ‘Livelli stilistici e polifonia linguistica nella Cronica di Salimbene da Parma’, in: Salimbeniana. Atti del convegno per il VII centenario di fra Salimbene, Parma, 1987-1989 (Bologna, 1991), 221-228; A.A. Settia, “Ista maledictio guerrarum’: il fenomeno bellico nella ‘Cronica’ di Salimbene da Parma’, in: Salimbeniana. Atti del convegno per il VII centenario di fra Salimbene, Parma, 1987-1989 (Bologna, 1991), 229-239; P. Tomasoni, ‘Osservazioni sintattiche e strutturali sulla ‘Cronica’di Salimbene’, in: Salimbeniana. Atti del convegno per il VII centenario di fra Salimbene, Parma, 1987-1989 (Bologna, 1991), 240-253; S. Vecchio, ‘Valori laici e valori francescani nella ‘Cronica’ di Salimbene da Parma’, in: Salimbeniana. Atti del convegno per il VII centenario di fra Salimbene, Parma, 1987-1989 (Bologna, 1991), 254-265; A. Zaninoni, ‘La donna e le donne nella Cronica di Salimbene’, in: Salimbeniana. Atti del convegno per il VII centenario di fra Salimbene, Parma, 1987-1989 (Bologna, 1991), 266-271; M. D’Alatri, ‘Chiara e le Clarisse nella Cronaca di fra Salimbene’, Collectanea Franciscana 61 (1991), 481-489 [reprinted in: M. D’Alatri & J. Paul, Salimbene da Parma (…) (1992), 223-231]; M. D’Alatri & J. Paul, Salimbene da Parma. Testimone e cronista , Bibliotheca Seraphico-Capuccina, 41 (Rome, 1992) [a gathering of new and earlier published essays]; M. d’Alatri, ‘Bibliografia salimbeniana, 1930-1991’, in: idem & J. Paul, Salimbene da Parma. Testimone e cronista , 245-257; M. d’Alatri, Bibliografia Salimbeniana 1930-1991 (Rome, 1992); Alfonso Marini, ‘Il francescanesimo istituzionale di Salimbene’, Collectanea Franciscana 62 (1992), 645-649 (review of the 1988 and 1992 works by Alatri and Paul); L. Gatto, ‘La chiesa nella cronaca salimbeniana’, in: Celestino V e le sue imagini del medio evo , Convegni Celestiniani, 6 (L'Aquila, 1993), 41-65; M. Brossard-Dandré, ‘Le statut de l’exemplum dans la chronique de fra Salimbene’, communication au colloque Les exempla médiévaux: nouvelles perspectives , École normale supérieure de Saint-Cloud, 27-28 septembre 1994; L. Gatto, ‘Federico II nella cronaca di Salimbene de Adam’, in: Federico II e le nuove culture , 507-538; Olivier Guyotjeannin, Salimbene de Adam: un chroniqueur franciscain , Témoins de notre histoire (Turnhout: Brepols, 1995); C. Violante, ‘Motivi e carattere della cronica di Salimbene’, in: Idem, La ‘cortesia’ chiericale e borghese nel duecento (Florence, 1995), 13-80 [reworking of an article with the same title, published in the Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa , 22 (1953), 108-154]; Bert Roest, Reading the Book of History (Groningen, 1996) (esp.introduction); M. Boriosi, ‘La ‘Cronica’ de Fra Salimbene, une 'cronique-polemique'?’, Collectanea Franciscana 66:1-2 (1996), 127-165; Ludovico Gatto, ‘Salimbene par soi même’, Clio 32 (1996), 401-436; N. Scivoletto, ‘Il ‘gran rifiuto’ di Salimbene da Parma’, in: ‘‘Ars narrandi’. Scritti di narrativa antica in memoria di Luigi Pepe , ed Carlo Santini & Loriano Zurli, Materiali e contributi per la storia della narrativa greco-latina, 1 (Naples, 1996), 225-232; Giuseppe Scalia, ‘La ‘Cronica’ di Salimbene de Adam’, in: Editori di Quaracchi , 421-423;Jacques Berlioz, ‘Pouvoir royal, montagne et cataclysmes: Pierre III d’Aragon et le ‘Mont Ténébreux”, in: Idem, Catastrophes naturelles et calamités au Moyen Age , Micrologus Library, 1 (Florence:SISMEL, 1998), 183-196; Michèle Brossard-Dandré, ‘Le statut de l’ exemplum dans la Chronique de Fra Salimbene de Adam’, in: Les Exempla médiévaux: Nouvelle perspectives , ed. J. Berlioz & M.A. Polo de Beaulieu (Paris, 1998), 83-104; Barbara Garofani, ‘Salimbene sonoro’, Nuova Rivista Storica 82 (1998), 85-104; Ludovico Gatto, ‘Poesia e poeti nella scrittura storica di Salimbene’, in: Storiografia e poesia nella cultura medievale , Nuovi studistorici, 35 (Rome, 1999), 223-261; Horacio Botalla, ‘Espacio y representación en la “Chronica” de fray Salimbene de Adam’, in: Nuevo Mundo (Buenos Aires) 1(2000), 281-300; Nino Scivoletto, ‘Fra’ Salimbene ‘commentatore’ di Dante prima di Dante’, in: San Francesco e il francescanesimo nella letteratura italiana dal XIII al XV secolo , ed. Stanislao da Campagnola & Pasquale Tuscano (Assisi: Accademia Properziana del Subasio, 2001), 53-73; Isabelle Weill, ‘Frédéric II de Hohenstaufen, une figure du mauvais roi dans la “Cronica” de Salimbene de Adam’, in: La figure du roi II, 185-198; Salimbene de Adam , ed. Claudio Sebastiana Nobili, Cento libri per mille anni (Rome: Istituto poligrafo e Zecco dello Stato, 2002); Ludovico Gatto, ‘Francesco d’Assisi e i francescani nella ‘Cronaca’ di Salimbene de Adam’, Frate Francesco n.s. 68 (2002), 137-170; Giorgio Cracco, ‘Fra Salimbene e la ‘domus-religio’. Salvare l’Europa cristiana nella cultura del tardo Duecento’, Rivista di Storia e Letteratura Religiosa 38 (2002), 203-233; Ludovico Gatto, ‘Divertimenti e giocchi nella ‘Cronaca’ di Salimbene’, in: Studi sulle società e le culture del Medioevo per Girolamo Arnaldi , ed. Ludovico Gatto & Paola Supino Martini, 2 Vols. (Florence: All’Insegna del Giglio, 2002), 201-228; L. Mascanzoni, ‘Salimbene, Riccobaldo e la leggenda di Cola Pesce’, Quaderni Medievali 54 (2002), 150-162; Sabastiana Nobili, ‘Salimbene da Parma tra narrativa e predicazione’, in: Letteratura in forma di sermone. I rapporti tra predicazione e letteratura nel secoli XIII-XVI , ed. G. Auzzas, G. Baffetti & C. Delcorno, Atti del Seminario di Studi di Bologna, 15-17 novembre 2001 (Florence, 2003), 301-314; Robert Brentano, ‘Do not say that this is a man from Assisi’, in: Beyond Florence: The Contours of Medieval and Modern Italy , ed. Paula Findlen, Michelle M. Fontaine & Duane J. Osheim (Stanford: Stanford UP, 2003), 72-80, 256. [Talks about the Franciscan order’s rejection of identification with the home towns of its friars, yet also argues that the friars helped to foster urban identities. Heavily dependent on the descriptions of Parma in the chronicle of Salimbene]; C.S. Nobili, ‘Biografia e agiografia nelle cronache duecentesche: il caso di Salimbene de Adam’, Hagiographica 11 (2004) & 12 (2005), 365-376; Daniel Pinti, 'Language Play and Franciscan Propriety in the Chronicle of Salimbene de Adam', Enarratio 11 (2004), 26-38 [http://hdl.handle.net/1811/71297 ]; Gisèle Besson, ‘ Locus et conventus :un état des ‘lieux’ franciscains chez Salimbene de Adam’, Médiévales 48 (2005), 123-139; Adnan A. Husain, 'Writing Identity as Remembered History: Person, Place, and Time in Friar Salimbene's Autobiographical Prose Map', Viator 36 (2005), 265-292; Ludovico Gatto, Dalla parte di Salimbene. Raccolta di ricerche sulla Cronaca e i suoi personaggi , ed. Pietro Messa (Rome: Ed. Antonianum, 2006) [a.o. Salimbene de Adam di fronte alla scuole tra i Francescani (pp. 295-309) [see AFH 100 (2007), 616; CF 77 (2007), 682ff]; Ludovico Gatto, ‘Le città francesi nella ‘Cronaca’ di Salimbene de Adam’, in: Città e vita cittadina nei paesi dell'area mediterranea. Secoli XI-XV. Atti del Convegno Internazionale in onore di Salvatore Tramontana (Adrano-Bronte-Catania-Palermo, 18-22 novembre 2003) , ed. Biagio Saitta (Rome: Viella, 2006), 683-718; Luis Horacio Botalla, ‘Un franciscano lee a los padres. Notas sobre la imagen de Gregorio Magno en la ‘Chronica’ de Fray Salimbene de Parma’, in: Gregorio Magno y su época. Homenaje al XIV centenario de su muerte (604-2004) , ed. Hugo Andrés Zurutuza & Luis Horacio Botalla (Buenos Aires: Facultad de filosofía y lettras, Instituto de historia antigua y medieval ‘José Luis Romero’ Sección historia antigua, 2006), 137-154; Felice Accrocca, ‘Guerra e pace nella città italiane del Duecento. Il ruolo dei Frati Minori secondo la testimonianze di Salimbene da Parma’, in: I Francescani e la politica. Atti del Convegno internazionale di studio, Palermo 3-7 Dicembre 2002 , Tomi I-II, ed. Alessandro Musco (Palermo: Officina di Studi Medievali 2007), 1-13 [re-issued in Felice Accrocca, L'identità complessa. Percorsi francescani fra Due e Trecento (Padua: Centro Studi Antoniani, 2014), 229-242]; Alison Williams Lewin, ‘Salimbene de Adam and the Franciscan Chronicle’, in: Chronicling History: Chroniclers and Historians in Medieval and Renaissance Italy , ed. Sharon Dale, Alison William Lewin & Duane J. Osheim (University Park PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2007), 87-112; Antonio Carile, ‘Salimbene de Adam e il guelfismo italiano di fronte a Bisanzio’, in: Antonio Carile, Teologia politica bizantina , Collectanea, 22 (Spoleto: Centro Italiano di Studi sull’Alto Medioevo, 2008), 253-264; Roberto Angelini, ‘Saraceni e cristiani in Terra Santa nella Cronica di Salimbene da Parma’, Itineraria 7 (2008), 63-72; Edith Pásztor, ‘L’esperienza francescana nella ‘Cronica’ di Salimbene’, in: Intentio beati Francisci. Il percorso difficile dell'Ordine francescano (secoli XIII-XV) , ed. Felice Accrocca, Bibliotheca seraphico-capuccina, 85 (Rome, Istituto Storico dei Cappuccini, 2008), 211-223: Carlo Santini, ‘II nibbio di Salimbene’, in: Medioevo folklorico: intersezioni di testi e culture: atti del convegno, Macerata, 4-6 dicembre 2007 , ed. Massimo Bonafin & Carla Cucina (Alessandria, 2009), 157-168; Ingeborg Braisch, Eigenbild und Fremdverständnis im Duecento: Saba Malaspina und Salimbene da Parma , 2 Vols. (Frankfurt a. M., 2010); André Luis Pereira Miatello, ‘Salimbene de Parma e a escrita da história no século XIII Miatello’, in: Anais do XXVI simpósio nacional da ANPUH (2011), 1-13 [electronically available at: http://www.snh2011.anpuh.org/resources/anais/14/1300665568_ARQUIVO_SalimbenedeParmaeaescritadahistorianoseculoXIII.pdf & https://www.academia.edu/7233449]; Victoria M. Morse, ‘Saint Francis and Salimbene de Adam. The Franciscan Experience of Family’, in: The Middle Ages in texts and texture: reflections on medieval sources , ed. Jason Kahn Glenn (Toronto-Buffalo: University of Toronto Press, 2011), 259-272; S. Bordoni, ‘Una selva di citazioni. La ‘Cronaca’ di Salimbene tra storia e autobiografia intellettuale’, Parole rubate 3 (2011), 3-26; Emilio Pasquini, ‘Francesco d'Assisi a Bologna. Bologna in Salimbene da Parma‘, in: Idem, Fra Due e Quattrocento: cronotipi letterari in Italia (Milan, 2012), 21-33; Horacio Botalia, ‘Exempla franciscanos en la Italia del siglo XIII’, Actas y Comunicaciones del Instituto de Historia Antigua y Medieval 9:1 (2013), 1-10 [esp. on the presence of exemplum-like elements in the chronicle of Salimbene etc.]; Ionut Epurescu-Pascovici, ‘Conversion and Autobiography: The Case of Salimbene of Parma‘, The Medieval History Journal 17 (2014), 27-55; Isabelle Weill, ‘La Cronica de Salimbene’, in: La mémoire à l'oeuvre: fixations et mouvances médiévales , ed. Caroline Cazanave, Annales littéraires de l'Université de Franche-Comté: Série Littéraires, 25 (Besançon, 2014), 307-320; Claudia Sebastiana Nobili, ‘Elia come antimodello nella Cronica di Salimbene de Adam', in: Elia di Cortona tra realtà e mito: atti dell'Incontro di studio: Cortona, 12-13 luglio 2013 , Figure e temi francescani, 2 (Spoleto (2014), 145-160; Jussi Hanska, ‘‘Volebam tamen ut nomen michi esset Dyonisius‘ - Fra Salimbene, Wine and Well-Being‘, in: Mental (dis)order in later Medieval Europe , ed. Sari Katajala-Peltomaa & Susanna Niiranen, Later medieval Europe, 12 (Turnhout: Brepols, 2014), 129-140; Giuseppe Ligato, 'La crociata e il primo secolo francescana in Terra Santa nella cronaca di frate Salimbene de Adam', Frate Francesco n.s. 82 (2016), 77-104; Allison Edgren, ‘From Saint Francis to Salimbene di Adam: Begging in the Early Franciscan World, ca. 1210-80‘, in: Approaches to Poverty in Medieval Europe: Complexities, contradictions, transformations, ca. 1100-1500 , ed. Sharon Ann Farmer (Turnhout: Brepols, 2016), 93-116; Antonio Antonetti, 'Regalità e simbologia del drago. Il giudizio di Salimbene de Adam su Carlo I d'Angiò', Schola Salernitana 21 (2016), 51-66 [http://www.serena.unina.it/index.php/schola/article/view/4097/4804 ]; Marina Nardone, La persuasione dolce: La tradizione del gioachimismo nella cronachistica francescana tra XIII e XIV secolo , PhD Diss. Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II (Naples, s.a.), 98-176; Austin Powell, 'Writing Polemic as History: The Apocalyptic Implications of Elias of Cortona, Hugh of Digne, and Gerardo Segarelli in Salimbene's Cronica', Franciscan Studies 75 (2017), 343-384; Salimbene de Adam e la "Cronica": atti del LIV convegno storico internazionale: Todi, 8-10 ottobre 2017 , Atti dei convegni dell'Accademia Tudertina e del Centro di Studi sulla Spiritualità Medievale, Nuova Seria, 31 (Spoleto: CISAM, 2018) [with as individual essays: Enrico Menestò, 'La figura di Salimbene de Adam', 1-20; Stefano Brufani, 'Salimbene de Adam frate Minore. L'utilitas nella Cronica', 21-42; Nicoletta Giovè Marchioli, 'Il manoscritto della Cronica di Salimbene de Adam', 43-68; Giuseppe Cremascoli, 'Le fonti bibliche', 69-84; Alberto Bartòla, 'Salimbene e i suoi autori. Compresenze e intertestualità nella Cronica', 85-106; Roberto Gamberini, 'Ricardo di Cremona: un cronista universale tra le fonti di Salimbene', 107-126; Gisèle Besson, 'Vidi per somnium: le vocabulaire du sommeil, du reve et de la vision chez Salimbene', 127-148; Pascale Bourgain, 'Langue et style chez Salimbene, entre prétentions savantes et spontanéité', 149-166; Armando Bisanti, 'La fortuna della Cronica di Salimbene de Adam fra Trecento e Quattrocento', 167-218; Marino Zabbia, 'La cronachistica cittadina al tempo di Salimbene de Adam', 219-232; Sebastiana Nobili, 'La Cronica e la pluralità dei generi letterari Nobili', 233-250; Mauro Ronzani, 'Salimbene tra poteri universali e realtà comunali', 251-266; Maria Teresa Dolso, 'Frati Mendicanti e città nella Cronica', 267-304; Marina Montesano, ''Prophetie (...) que non cognoscuntur, nisi cum fuerint iam complete'. Rivelazioni e profezie nella Cronica', 305-320; Francesco Santi, 'Spiritualità e letteratura in Salimbene', 321-340; Agostino Paravicini Bagliani, 'Salimbene e la natura', 341-357]; Erminio Gallo, Vescovi, clero e Ordine francescano nel secolo XIII: benevolenza e conflitti nelle cronache di Giordano da Giano, Tommaso da Eccleston e Salimbene de Adam (Trapani, 2018); Francesco Santi, 'Giovanni di Pian del Carpine, Salimbene di Adam e Pietro di Giovanni Olivi: tre francescani e tre immagine del papa nel secolo XIII', Franciscana. Bollettino della Società Internazionale di Studi Francescani 20 (2018), 173-190; Giuseppe Ligato, 'La mancata vocazione cavalleresca di Salimbene de Adam e il ruolo di Elia da Cortona', in: Frate Elia, il primo francescanesimo e l'Oriente , ed. Gabriel Marius Caliman, Cortona francescana. NS, 2 (Spoleto: CISAM, 2019), 119-140; Simone Barlettai, 'Profeti o indovini?: Il caso di Benvenuto Asdenti nella Cronica di Salimbene de Parma e nell' 'Inferno' di Dante', Hápax 12 (2019), 13-28; Felice Accrocca, 'La Cronica di Salimbene. Cronaca, materiali per la predicazione o altro ancora?', Frate Francesco 85 (2019), 455-474; Giuseppe Ligato, 'Il 'Super Hieremiam' pseudogioachimita e la memoria delle sconfitte crociate in Egitto (1221 e 1250) nella 'Cronica' di frate Salimbene de Adam', Frate Francesco 86 (2020), 7-47; Stefania Voce, 'La città medievale. Parma raccontata da Salimbene de Adam', in: La città e le sue metamorfosi: atti del convegno: Parma, 7 maggio 2019 , ed. Stefania Voce, Philohumanistica, 2 (Bologna, 2020), 137-158; Horacio Botalla, 'En torno a las relaciones entre hagiografía y cronística en el siglo XIII: el franciscano Salimbene de Parma', Bibliotheca Augustiniana 11 (2021), 5-33; Marco Bartoli, 'I bambini nell'età dello Spirito: una pagina della Cronica di Salimbene de Adam', in: L'épaisseur du temps: mélanges offerts à Jacques Dalarun , ed. Sean L. Field, Marco Guida & Dominique Poirel (Turnhout: Brepols, 2021), 249-261; Maddalena Moglia, 'I milites dimenticati. Salimbene, la quarta crociata e la memoria cittadina a Parma', Società e Storia 173 (2021), 433-456; Gino Reggiani, 'Il tempo di Salimbene', Aurea Parma 105 (2021), 35-57; Giuseppina Brunetti, 'Attorno a frate Salimbene de Adam di Parma: l'autografo, la Chronica e la letteratura', in: I manoscritti degli Ordini mendicanti e la letteratura medievale , ed. Agnese Macchiarelli, Filologicamente. Studi e testi romanzi, 6 (Bologna: Bononia University Press, 2021), 31-46; Michael J.P. Robson, 'Salimbene de Adam's Supplement to Thomas of Eccleston's Chronicle', Studii Franciscane. Revista Institutului Teologic Romano-Catolic Franciscan Roman 21 (2021), 5-37; Alessandro Cesareo, Images et formes de la pauvreté dans la Compilatio Assisiensis, dans la Cronica Salimbene di Adam ordinis Minorum et Jacques de Voragine (Perugia: CISAM, 2022); Manuel Kamenzin, 'Verfehlungen und Strafen. Der Tod Papst Innocenz' IV. bei Salimbene de Adam und Matthaeus Parisiensis', Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken 102 (2022), 190-220; Gisèle Besson, 'Un regard sur le gouvernement de l'Église dans la Chronique de Salimbene de Adam. Le discours critique d'un franciscain (XIIIe siècle)', in: Liberté de parole: les élites savantes et la critique des pouvoirs, Orient et Occident, VIIIe-XIIIe siècle , ed. Makrâm Abbès & Marie-Celine Isaïa, Bibliothèque d'histoire culturelle du Moyen Âge, 23 (Turnhout: Brepols, 2022), 159-186; Manuel Kamenzin, 'Anfang vom Ende ode rWendepunkt? Die Niederlage Friedrichs II. bei der Belagerung von Parma 1247/8 bei Matthaeus Parisiensis und Salimbene de Adam im Vergleich', in: Geschichte wird von den Besiegten geschrieben: Darstellung und Deutung militärischer Niederlagen in Antike und Mittelalter , ed. Manuel Kamenzin & Simon Lentzsch (Frankfurt a. M., 2023), 435-460; Stefania Voce, 'Salimbene de Adam, la Cronica e il personaggio di Giovanni Barisello (con la traduzione di Giuseppe Tonna)', Schede Medievali 61 (2023), 155-170; Yet in 1249, Salimbene traveled again to France, this time for a shorter visit that brought him from Genoa to Hyères, Avignon, and Lyon, and on the way back to Vienne, Grenoble, Embrun, Susa, Alessandria and Tortona. This voyage was cut short when, in Lyon, Salimbene ran into the provincial minister Ruffino Gurgone, who was very displeased o find Salimbene there, instead of in Paris, where he was supposed to complete a lectorate course for the Bologna province (to which Salimbene had transferred shortly before his travels began). Ruffino Gurgone ordered Salimbene to return to Italy. After a short sojourn in Genoa, Salimbene traveled onwards towards his new assignment in Ferrara, where he stayed between 1249 and 1256. It was probably in this period that Salimbene began to order his notes on his travels and began to write some the historical and edificatory works mentioned in his Cronica . In 1259, Salimbene spent a full year in Borgo San Donnino. The year thereafter, Salimbene travelled with flagellants from Sassuolo towards Reggio and Parma, and in 1261, Salimbene spent the first months of the year in Modena, before he traveled onwards to Bologna in may of that year. His whereabouts for the period immediately after this cannot be charted with certainty. Based on dispersed notes in his chronicle, it is clear that he was in Ravenna, Argenta and Ferrara in 1264, and that he spent time in Faenza in 1265. Around this time, he also went on pilgrimage to Assisi, and he is known to have passed through Perugia, La Verna and to have visited Bagno di Romagna, Meldola and Forlì. In 1266, he could be found in Parma and Ravenna. In Ravenna he apparently spent some time, as he still or again was found there in 1268 and 1269. But in September 1270, he was in Imola, and in May 1273 he witnessed the siege of Forlì by Bolognese troops. In August, he was at the Ravenna friary and later that year in Faenza, where he stayed until September or October 1274. In the period thereafter, Salimbene’s whereabouts are not very clear. He apparently spent the time between late 1274 and 1277 in one or several friaries of the Bologna province, and his remarks regarding the earthquake of 1279 indicate that he might in that year have been in the March of Ancona or in Romagna. By August 1283, he is in Reggio, where he attends the funeral of bishop Guglielmo de Foliano. He was probably already there since May 1282, and possibly since 1279. It would seem that Salimbene stayed in Reggio until late 1285, with a short excursion to Parma between August and December 1284. After Fall 1285, Salimbene probably spent his remaining years in the Montefalcone friary in the Reggio province (where also his half brother Guido had been buried), except for some small excursions. He must have died at the Montefalcone friary shortly after 1288. In his Cronica , Salimbene refers to a number of works that he would have composed during his stay at Ferrara in the 1250s and after. Hence, in 1250, while at Ferrara, he would have started a chronicle with the incipit ‘Octavianus Cesar Augustus’. This might have been a world history from Augustus to the history of the Longobards in Italy. Salimbene remarks in his Cronica that lack of parchment and overall poverty forced him to abandon that project. In 1259, in Borgo San Donnino, Salimbene apparently wrote a Liber Tediorum , not unlike the one composed by Girardo Patecchio, which might give us an inkling of its contents. Furthermore, in the course of his life, he also wrote a Tractatus de Helyseo and a Tractatus Pape Gregorii Decimi . The first of these would have been a rather fantastic biography and eulogy of one of Salimbene’s favourite biblical figures, with whom he liked to compare some of his beloved contemporary Franciscan teachers and prophets, such as Hugh of Digne (whom he described as ‘Spiritualis homo ultra modum, ita ut alterum Paulum crederes te videre seu alterum Helyseum’), and who returns time and again in his biblical citations. The work would probably have dealt with the translation of the alleged relics of this prophet from Ravenna to Parma, with which Salimbene had been involved personally. The latter treatise on Pope Gregory X would, if we can rely on Salimbene’s remarks in his Cronica , have dealt with the deeds and with the prophecies surrounding this papal figure. Salimbene also wrote a treatise on Frederick II, which is mentioned several times in his chronicle, and elements of which (notably the passages on the ‘XII scelera Friderici’ and the remarks on the ‘superstitiones et curiositates et maledictiones et incredulitates et perversitates et abusiones’ of the Emperor) were included in Salimbene’s sole surviving work. The original treatrise was still known to the humanist historian Flavio Biondo, who used it as a source for his Historiarum Decades . The text of Salimbene’s Cronica mentions in passing several other historiographical works, as well as texts dealing with Joachimist prophecies and on biblical similitudes and mysteries that he would have compiled in the course of his life. Although none of these texts have survived, it would seem that their mode of procedure might have been rather similar to that used for the compilation of the Cronica . We know that Salimbene was intrigued by the correspondances between Francis and Christ, which has caused Ferdinand Delorme to ask with caution whether Salimbene could be seen as the author of the 13 th -century treatise Meditatio Pauperis in Solitudine , but that work has since been ascribed to a number of other Franciscan authors (cf. F. M. Delorme, ‘Élévations théologiques sur S. François, ‘l’ autre agne au signe du Dieu vivant’ (Traité inédit du XIIIe siècle)’, Studi Francescani n.s. 10 (1924), 233-261 & Meditatio Pauperis in Solitudine, auctore anonymo saec. XIII , ed. F.M. Delorme, Bibliotheca Franciscana Ascetica Medii Aevi, 7 (Quaracchi, 1929)). Finally, it might be that some of Salimbene’s Italian versifications have survived in a manuscript containing the Frotula Noie Moralis . This latter work by Girardo Patecchio and Ugo de Perseg was held in hight esteem by Salimbene, and there are some indications to assume that four strophes (40 verses) added at the end of the ‘Noie’ in MS Braid. AD-XVI, 20 (edited in Le ‘Noie’ cremonesi , ed. G.G. Persico (Modena, 1951), 87-89, cf. also the remarks of Angelo Monteverdi in Giornale storico della letteratura italiana 82:1 (1923), 172) are Salimbene’s work, but that remains conjecture. For all we know, Salimbene’s Cronica is his only surviving work. In all probability, it contains parts of other treatises written earlier – such as his Liber de Praelato – and it was composed during his stay in Reggio and Montefalcone, between 1282 and 1288, near the end of his life.

Works

• Cronica : MS BAV, Vat.Lat. 7260 (autograph). For later copies, see: F. Masai, `Fra Salimbene et la codicologie', Scriptorium , 21 (1967), 91-99. For info on the Vatican MS, see Brepols' Autographa Medii Aevi , as well as the remarks in the introductions to the editions of Holder Egger and Scalia. The Vatican autograph manuscript has come down to us in heavily mutilated form. Considering the original foliation and internal references it would seem that the first 207 folia are missing altogether. Also missing are an unknown number of folia at the end (after f. 491) and ff. 363, 374, 436, 468-472, 475-479. The surviving part of the the chronicle counts about 272 folia, with information covering the years 1168-1287/1288. The manuscripts breaks of at f. 491, but an internal reference refers to folia 526, suggesting that the work once counted at least another 34 folia, and possibly more. The work received several editions: Chronica Fratris Salimbene de Adam Ordinis Minorum , eds. A. Bertani, A. Ronchini & L. Barbieri, Monumenta Historica ad Provincias Parmensem et Placentinam Pertinentia (Parma, 1857) [not critical]

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• Cronica Fratris Salimbene de Adam Ordinis Minorum , ed. O. Holder-Egger, MGH, Scriptores, 32 (Hannover, 1905-1913) [impressive critical edition]

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• Cronica Fratris Salimbene de Adam , ed. Ferdinando Bernini (Bari, 1942) [without critical apparatus]

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• Salimbene de Adam: Cronica , ed. Giuseppe Scalia, Scrittori d’Italia, 2 Vols. (Bari, 1966)

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• Salimbene de Adam, Cronica , ed. Giuseppe Scalia, 2 Vols. CCCM 125 (Turnhout: Brepols, 1998-1999). See also CETEDOC, Thesaurus fratris Salimbene de Adam, Formae et lemmata , ed. Pierre Beguin (Turnhout, 1992). Notwithstanding the fact that some of Holder-Egger’s convictions concerning the relationship between Salimbene’s Cronica and the alleged works of Alberto di Gerardo Milioli do no longer stand up to scrutiny, his large critical edition of Salimbene’s text, with its exhaustive apparatus fontium and its detailed indices still is very usable, especially for historians, and in essence not inferior to the latest edition provided by Giuseppe Scalia for the Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis series. For translations, see: Die Chronik des Salimbene von Parma , trans. A. Doren, 2 Vols. (Leipzig, 1914). [Full German translation?]

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• P.M. d’Aincreville, ‘Voyage de Salimbene en France (1247-1248)’, La France Franciscaine 1 (1912), 25-75. [Provides a translation of Salimbene’s visit to France and his encounters with the pope at Avignon, the minister general John of Parma and the Joachite friar Hugh of Digne]

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• Thomas d’Eccleston et Salimbene d’Adam, Sur les routes d’Europe au XIIIe siècle

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• chroniques traduites et commentées , trans. M.-T. Laureilhe, 2 Vols. (Paris, 1959). [Partial translation of Salimbene’s travels through France]

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• G.G. Coulton, From St. Francis to Dante: translations from the Chronicle of the Franciscan Salimbene , 2 nd Augmented Edition (London, 1907/Reprint New York, 1968 & Philadelphia, 1972). [Partial translation interspersed with rather impressionist comments]

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• Salimbene da Parma, Storie di santi, profeti e ciarlatani , trans. V. Dornetti (Milan, 1989)

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• The Chronicle of Salimbene de Adam , trans. Joseph L. Baird, Giuseppe Baglivi and John Robert Kane, Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies, 40 (Binghamton, NY, 1986). [Full and on the whole dependable English translation]

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• Salimbene de Adam da Parma, Cronica , trans. B. Rossi (Bologna, 1987). [Full and dependable Italian translation]

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• It was re-issued with Scalia's edition as: Salimbene de Adam de Parma, Cronica , Testo latino a cura di Giuseppe Scalia. Traduzione di Berardo Rosi, 2 Vols. (Parma: Monte Università Parma Editore, 2007). [Cf. review in Il Santo 48 (2008), 343-345]

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• Salimbene de Adam, Cronaca , trans. Giuseppe Tonna, Biblioteca padana (Reggio Emilia: Diabasis, 2001). [Full and dependable Italian translation]

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• Salimbene de Adam, Chronique , ed. & trans. G. Scalia, Jean-Claude Schmitt, Gisèle Besson & Michèle Brossard-Dandré, 2 Vols. (Paris: Honoré Champion, 2016). [Full and dependable translation]

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• Salimbene de Parma, Kronika franciszkanska , ed. Henryk Pietruszczak (Zgorzelec: Henryk Pietruszczak, 2020).

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Literature